One of the fundamental responsibilities of the public health sector is to ensure that the population is provided with medicines that are of high quality, safe, and effective. Unfortunately, alongside this legitimate system, the circulation and use of substandard and counterfeit medicines persist as a pervasive shadow and continue to infiltrate the lawful pharmaceutical market. Moreover, due to the high profitability of this sector, the illegal production, trade, import, and export of counterfeit and unauthorized medicines have been increasing. In Mongolia, the circulation of medicines of unknown origin, as well as unauthorized, unregistered, counterfeit, and substandard pharmaceutical products, has become increasingly prevalent.