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VOL. 12, ISSUE 1 (2026)
The society of Banaras during the eighteenth century
Authors
Mithu Roy
Abstract
This research examines the social structure of
Banaras during the eighteenth century, highlighting the complex interaction
between caste, occupation, religion, gender, and urban institutions. As a major
sacred and commercial city, Banaras displayed a highly stratified yet dynamic
society where ritual hierarchy coexisted with emerging economic
differentiation. Brahmanical elites occupied the apex of the social order
through control over religious knowledge, temples, and educational
institutions, while merchant communities gained increasing influence due to the
expansion of trade, banking, and monetization. Artisans and service castes
formed the productive backbone of the city, sustaining its religious economy
through craft production and essential services, though they remained socially
marginalized. Pilgrims and migrants contributed to demographic diversity and
introduced limited social fluidity within the urban setting. Religious
institutions functioned as key centers of social regulation, economic patronage,
and cultural authority, reinforcing hierarchy while integrating diverse groups
through rituals and festivals. Women’s roles, shaped by patriarchal family
structures, were simultaneously restrictive and indispensable, as they
contributed significantly to household economy, artisanal labor, and ritual
life. Overall, the study reveals that Banaras society in the eighteenth century
was resilient and adaptive, maintaining traditional caste-based hierarchies
while gradually absorbing economic and social change.
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Pages:183-194
How to cite this article:
Mithu Roy "The society of Banaras during the eighteenth century". International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Research, Vol 12, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 183-194
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