The ancient maritime trade of Odisha occupies a significant place in the economic, cultural, and civilizational history of eastern India. This research paper undertakes a literary study of Odisha’s -maritime tradition as reflected in ancient and early medieval texts, inscriptions, folklore, and classical literature. Odisha, known in ancient sources as Kalinga, emerged as a powerful maritime region due to its extensive coastline along the Bay of Bengal and its strategic access to sea routes connecting India with Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka, China, and the Roman world. Literary references found in Sanskrit texts, Buddhist and Jaina literature, Puranas, travel accounts, and regional Odia traditions such as Boita Bandana provide valuable insights into the nature and extent of overseas trade conducted by the people of Odisha.

The study highlights the role of Odishan sailors, merchants, and shipbuilders in facilitating the exchange of commodities such as textiles, ivory, spices, precious stones, and metal goods. It also examines how maritime trade contributed to the diffusion of Indian culture, religion, art, and language across Southeast Asia, leading to the establishment of enduring cultural links. Literary evidence suggests that maritime activities were not merely economic pursuits but were deeply embedded in the social and religious life of ancient Odisha.