This paper provides a comprehensive assessment of the bilateral strategic arms reduction framework between the United States and the Russian Federation. By analysing key historical treaties—from the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) to the implementation and subsequent five-year extension of the New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (New START)—this study examines the mechanism of modern nuclear diplomacy. Drawing on official data exchanges, compliance reports, and institutional fact sheets, the paper evaluates how rigorous monitoring, data sharing, and verification regimes have successfully managed strategic stockpiles. Finally, it addresses contemporary challenges to the non-proliferation architecture, examining how rising geopolitical friction, compliance disputes, and treaty erosions threaten the future stability of bilateral strategic stability.